PART OF SPEECH
Def; the basic of components of a language through which we can talk meaning is called part of speech.
Note; there are total eight kinds of part of speech.
(1) Noun
(2) Pronoun
(3) Verb
(4) Adverb
(5) Interjection
(6) Conjunction
(7) Preposition
(8) Adjective
(1) NOUN
Def; the name place, person, an animal or thing is called noun.
For examples;
Place; ground, Karachi, bus stop, new yark, etc.
Person; ali.singer, adnan, writer, etc
An animal; dog cat goat, fox etc
Things; table, computer, radio, book pen machine, mobile etc.
Note; there are six kinds of noun.
(I) Common noun
(II) Proper noun
(III) Abstract noun
(IV) Concrete noun
(V) Material noun
(VI) Collective noun
(I)Common noun; the common name place person or an animal is called common noun.
Place; ground, Karachi, bus stop, new yark, etc.
Person; ali.singer, admen, writer, etc
An animal; dog cat goat, fox etc
Things; table, computer, radio, book pen machine, mobile etc.
(II) Proper noun; the particular name place person thing or an animal is called proper noun.
For example;
Name; Quaid-e-azam, Alma
Things; Holy quran, dollor pen, HP computer etc
Place; Pakistan, football ground etc
An animal;
(III)Abstract Noun; those things which we can not see and touch is called abstract noun.
For examples; hate, love, peace, happiness, friendship, etc
(IV) Concrete noun; those things which we can see and touch is called concrete noun.
For examples; table, book, T.V, water, stone bat computer, etc
(V)Material noun; those things from which we can make another things is called material noun.
For examples; water, milk, wood, steal, gold etc.
(VI)Collective Noun; the collection of some things is called collective noun.
For example; team, class, bunch, army, committee, jury etc.
PRONOUN
Def; it is used instead of any noun.
For example; I, we, you, he, she, it, they
Note; there are eight kinds of pronoun.
(I) Personal Pronoun
(II) Reflexive Pronoun
(III) Relative Pronoun
(IV) Demonstrative Pronoun
(V) Distribute Pronoun
(VI) Indefinite Pronoun
(VII) Interrogative Pronoun
(VIII) Possessive Pronoun
Case of pronoun
Subjective case
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Objective case
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Possessive case
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Reflexive case
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Possessive adjective
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Possessive pronoun
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I
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Me
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My
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Mine
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My self
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We
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Us
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Our
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Ours
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Our selves
| |
You
|
You
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Your
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Yours
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Your self/selves
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He
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Him
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His
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His
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His self
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She
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Her
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Her
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Hers
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Her self
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It
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It
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Its
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Its
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Its self
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They
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Them
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Their
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theirs
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Their selves
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(I)Personal Pronoun; Personal pronoun demons the three persons.
For example; First person I, WE
Second Person YOU
Third Person He, She, It, They
(II)Reflexive Pronoun; when work is done by some one is called Reflexive Pronoun.
For example; my self, our selves, or self/selves her self, him self.
(III)Relative Pronoun; it always joins two or more then two sentences with another.
For examples;
I saw the person who killed him.
It is the car which they have stolen.
It is the place where we mat yesterday.
(IV)Demonstrative Pronoun; it demons the person place or things is called demonstrative Pronoun.
For example; this is place.
These books good.
Those are boys.
(V)Distribute Pronoun; it simply distribute the place person or things is called distribute pronoun.
For example;
Either you should go or I.
Neither you killed him nor I kill him.
Each of them has performed satisfactorily.
(VI)Indefinite Pronoun; it can not show the correct numbers or person things or place is called indefinite pronoun.
For example;
There are some boys in the school.
Some one has taken my pen.
Few books are good.
(VII)Interrogative Pronoun; in which we ask question from some one is called interrogative pronoun.
For example;
What are you doing?
Who is the man?
Whose shoes are those?
Whose shoes are those?
Whom have you seen?
(VIII)Possessive Pronoun; this is used for property of some one is called possessive pronoun.
For example;
This is my car.
That is her computer.
It is ours house.
Question; what is the difference between “possessive adjective” and “possessive pronoun”.
Answer; Possessive pronouns and adjectives are two different ways to show
possession in English - Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Adjective + Noun
Examples;
possession in English - Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Adjective + Noun
Examples;
· My dog is big.
· Her cat is brown.
· Their sister works downtown.
Possessive Pronouns
Noun + Possessive Pronoun
Examples:
· The dog is mine.
· The brown cat is hers.
· The car is ours.
Possessive adjectives go before the noun and possessive
pronouns go after the noun. Here are some examples:
Possessive adjectives go before the noun and possessive
pronouns go after the noun. Here are some examples:
· This is my car.
· The car is mine.
· Is that your pen?
· Is that pen yours?
VERB
Def; which show any action is called verb.
Fro example;
I am working.
They are beating you.
You go to school.
Note; there are total four kinds or verb.
(I)Transitive verb
(II)Intransitive verb
(III)Phrasal verb
(IV)Causative verb
(I)Transitive Verb; it is always poor of an object with out object it can not give clear and complete meaning is called transitive verb.
For example;
I am eating. (Incomplete)
I am eating mango. (Complete)
(II)Intransitive Verb; it is not poor of an object with out object It gives the complete and clear meaning is called intransitive verb.
For example;
He is my fallow.
They are weeping.
You are laughing
(III) Phrasal Verb: when a verb combined with preposition is called phrasal verb.
For example;
Look : Look after
(Verb) (Phrasal Verb)
Break: Break away
(Verb) (Phrasal Verb)
(IV)Causative verb; in causative verb we do not done any action directly but we get it by some one is called causative verb.
Note there are three types of causative verb.
(I) GET
(II) HAS/HAVE
(III) Make
First type of get GET;
Note; when in causative verb the one who gets the work done present and the one who does the work is absent then we act upon following formula.
Formula; subject+H.V+causative verb (get) +Object+III.V+.
For examples;
They were getting him insulted.
I was getting my room painted.
She has gotten her clothes ironed.
Note; causative verb can be used in all tenses with all model auxiliary verb.
For examples;
(1)She gets her room painted.
(2)He is getting his car washed.
(3)They have gotten their clothes ironed.
(4) I have been getting my room cleaned since 2014.
(5)They got their room washed.
(6)I was getting my shoes polished.
(7)I had gotten my car washed.
(8)We had been getting our car washed for two days.
(9)She will get her clothes ironed.
(10)He will be getting his room painted.
(11)We will have gotten our room cleaned.
(12)They will have been getting their room painted since morning.
(13)He can get his car washed.
(14)They could have gotten their clothes washed.
(15)He should get his clothes washed.
(16)They have got his clothes washed.
(17) They must get their shoes polished.
Second Type of “Get”
Note; when in causative verb the both persons are present the one who gets work done is present and the one who does the work is present then we act upon the following formula.
Formula; sub+H.V+ causative Verb (get) +agent+to+I.V+object+.
For example;
They were getting Ali to paint their room.
Sub H.V C.V get agent to I.V object.
She has got him to wash my car.
Note; causative verb (get) can be used as a passive form.
Formula; sub+H.V+ C.V (get) +obj+III.V+by+agent+.
For example;
He is getting his room painted by me.
Sub H.V C.V get object III.V by agent.
They have got their room cleaned by us.
I am getting my shoes polished by Aslam.
(2) HAS /HAVE
First type of Has /Have
Def; when in causative verb the one who gets the work done present and the one who does the work is absent then we act upon following formula.
Formula; subject+H.V+causative verb (Has/have) +Object+III.V+.
They were having him insulted.
I was having my room painted.
She has has her clothes ironed.
Second type of Has/Have
Note; when in causative verb the both persons are present the one who gets work done is present and the one who does the work is present then we act upon the following formula.
Formula; sub+H.V+ causative Verb (has/have) +agent+I.V+object+.
I am having my brother make my house.
She was having her sister iron her clothes.
We sell be having him wash our car.
Note; causative verb has/have can used in all tenses with the all model auxiliary verbs.
For examples;
(1)She has her room painted.
(2)He is having his car washed.
(3)They have had their clothes ironed.
(4)I have been having my room cleaned since 2014.
(5)They had their room washed.
(6)I was having my shoes polished.
(7)I had had my car washed.
(8)We had been having our car washed for two days.
(9)She will have her clothes ironed.
(10)He will be having his room painted.
(11)We will have had our room cleaned.
(12)They will have been having their room painted since morning.
(13)He can have his car washed.
(14)They could have had their clothes washed.
(15)He should have his clothes washed.
(16)They have had his clothes washed.
(17) They must have their shoes polished.
Note; causative verb can use as a passive form.
Formula; sub+H.V+C.V (has/have) +obj+III.V+by+agent+.
For example;
He is having his clothes ironed by Ali.
She was having her car washed by her brother.
I am having my room painted by you.
(3) MAKE
First type of “MAKE”
Def; when in causative verb the one who gets the work done present and the one who does the work is absent then we act upon following formula.
Formula; subject+H.V+causative verb (make) +Object+I.V +.
They were making him insult.
I was making my room paint.
She has made her clothes iron.
Second type of “MAKE”
Note; when in causative verb the both persons are present the one who gets work done is present and the one who does the work is present then we act upon the following formula.
Formula; sub+H.V+ causative Verb (make) +agent+I.V+object+.
I am making my brother make my house.
She was making her sister iron her clothes.
We sell be making him wash our car.
Third type of “MAKE”
Note; if we want to change the causative verb “make “from active voice in to passive voice then we cat upon the following rules.
Rules;
1) Agent becomes subject of the passive voice.
2) We use III.form.
3) Passive helping verbs come before the third form of causative verb make.
4) First form of causative sentence change in to full infinitive.
5) The object comes after the infinitive.
6) After the object: by” comes and after “by” agent.
For examples;
Active voice
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Passive voice
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He makes me clean his room.
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I am made to clean his room.
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He mad us wash his car.
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We were made to was his car.
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He will make me polish his shoes.
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I will be made to polish his shoes.
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He will have made her polish his shoes.
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She will have been made to polish his shoe
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(4) ADVERB
Def; an adverb is words that modifies a verb, an adjective or another verb.
Note; there are total five kinds of adverb.
(I) Adverb of place
(II) Adverb of time
(III) Adverb of manner
(IV) Adverb of frequency
(V) Adverb of degree
(I)Adverb of place;
Def; adverb of place show where action is done is called adverb of place.
For example;
They are living in Quetta
I am working in mill.
They are sitting in office.
(II) Adverb of time;
Def; adverb of time show when an action is done is called adverb of time.
For examples;
He did it yesterday.
We will meet at 12 o’clock.
They went to Quetta
(III)adverb of manner;
Def; adverb of manner tells us the method of doing some thing is called adverb of manner.
For example;
For example;
He comes here slowly.
We invite them hurrily.
They work honesty.
We write neatly.
(IV) Adverb of frequency;
Def; adverb of frequency show that how many times open any action.
Adverbs of frequency are;
Always 100%
Usually 80%
Often 60%
Some time 40%
Seldom 20%
Never 0%
For example;
Ali hunts always.
Ali hunts usually.
Ali hunts often.
Ali hunts some time.
Ali hunts seldom.
Ali never hunts.
(V) Adverb of degree;
Note; there are three main kinds of adverb of degree.
(i) Positive degree
(ii) Comparative degree
(iii) Superlative degree
(i) Positive degree;
Def; positive degree show the good or bed status or quality of someone.
(ii) Comparative degree;
Def; it is used when we compare between two things or person.
(iii) Superlative degree;
def; it is used to show the higher position of some thing or person.
For examples;
Positive degree
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Comparative degree
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Superlative degree
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Rich
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Richer
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Richest
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Gig
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Bigger
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Biggest
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Near
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nearer
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Nearest
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Positive degree; Ali is rich person
Comparative degree; Ali is richer then Aslam.
Superlative degree; Ali is richest in Pakistan
Irregular degrees;
Positive degree
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Comparative degree
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Superlative degree
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Much
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More
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Most
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Good
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Better
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Best
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Intelligent
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More intelligent
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Most intelligent
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Slowly
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More slowly
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Most slowly
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quickly
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More quickly
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Most quickly
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Fatly
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More fatly
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Most fatly
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expensive
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More expensive
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Most expensive
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Note; when there are two syllable words then we add “more” before comparative degree and “most” before superlative degree.
For example;
I have bought an expensive car.
I bought more expensive car.
I bought most expensive car.
Question; what is difference between the “comparatives” and “superlatives”.
Answer; comparatives; when we compare between two people or two things.
Superlatives; when we compare between two or more the two things or persons.
For example;
Comparative degree
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Superlative degree
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He is more power full the you.
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He is most power full in all Harnai.
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She is more intelligent then her.
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She is most intelligent in all class.
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(5) Interjection
Def; an interjection is a word that expresses strong feeling or emotion.
For examples;
Oh! Wow! Hurrah! Alas!
Note; after each interjection we put exclamatory mark.
Oh!
Oh! When did you come?
Oh! What happened?
Wow!
Wow! That is amazing.
Wow! So beautiful flower is it?
Hurrah!
Hurrah we won the race.
Hurrah! They they could not defeat us.
Alas!
Alas! He failed.
Alas! They fall down.
Alas! He died.
(6) Conjunction
Def; it is a word that joins the two words or two sentences.
For example;
You and I play cricket.
I could not come because I was ill.
Ali is a student as well as a player.
Note; there are two main kinds of conjunction.
(1) Co-ordinating conjunction
(2) Sub-ordinating conjunction
(1) Co-ordinating conjunction;
Def; co-ordinating conjunction joins clauses of equal rank.
For example
We play cricket and they play hockey.
It is the time to go there fore let us start.
Note; there are four kinds of co-ordinating conjunction.
(i) Comlative conjunction
(ii) Alternative conjunction
(iii) Adversative conjunction
(iv) Illative conjunction
(i) Comlative conjunction;
Def; this conjunction merely add one statement to other statement.
Comlative conjunction are; and, both, and, also, not only but also, as well as etc.
For example;
He is not only a fool but also a knave.
He is fool as well as a knave.
(ii) alternative conjunction;
Def; this conjunction describe or express choice between two alternatives.
Alternative conjunction are; either….or, else, otherwise, or, etc.
For example;
Come in or go out.
Work hard other wise you will fail in exam.
Either come in or go out.
(iii) adversative conjunction;
Def; it describe or express opposition or contrast between two statements.
Adversative conjunctions are; but, still, yet, however, only, where, etc.
For example;
He was right, only he was fatigued
He will not oppose my design; however I can not not approver of it.
(iv) illative conjunction;
Def; it describe or express an inference.
Illative conjunctions are; for, so, there fore, then etc.
For example;
He was obstinate, there for he was punished.
It is very dark so I can not see.
It is raining heavily, so I will take an umbrella with me.
HOME WORK: make four four examples about four kinds of co-ordinative conjunction.
(2) subordinating conjunction
Def; it joins the subordinating or dependent clause to a principal clause.
Subordinating conjunctions are; that, unless, before, as, etc.
For example; you can not go in side unless you take permission.
(7) PREPOSITON
Def; preposition are words which are used to show relationship between noun and pronoun is called preposition.
(Some common preposition)
About
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Before
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Down
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Inside
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Past
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Above
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Behind
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During
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Into
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Since
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Across
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Below
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Despite
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Near
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Through
|
After
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Beneath
|
except
|
Of
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Till
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Along
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Beside
|
For
|
On
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Under
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Among
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Between
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From
|
Onto
|
With
|
At
|
Bottom
|
In
|
Out
|
With in
|
Fro example;
What are you thinking about them?
See above examples.
The cat runs across the road.
They will decide after 11 o clock.
He is among the children.
I am at home.
The dust is at the bottom of the glass.
They are in the room.
We are near the bus stop.
He is working since morning.
They are sitting under the tree.
(8) Adjective
Deef; adjective is word which tells us about quality, the quantity, the number, the kind, the color of person or thing.
For example;
He is an honest person. (Quality)
They are bed boys. (Quality)
There is some water in the glass. (Quantity)
There are 70 boys in the school. (Numbers)
This is red car. (Color)
These are Indian movies. (Kind)
There are total five kinds of adjective.
(i) adjective of quality
(ii) adjective of quantity
(iii) proper adjective
(iv) emphasizing adjective
(v) denominal adjective
(i) adjective of quality;
Def; an adjective of quality show the kind quality or state age of a person or thing is called adjective of quality.
For example;
She is good girl.
He was young boy.
This is lazy dog.
This is red car.
They are intelligent students.
(ii) adjective of quantity;
Def; an adjective of quantity show the much of a thing is meant.
Fro example;
I bought some rice to cook.
There is little milk in the jug.
There is a lot ice rim in the jug.
(iii) proper adjective
Def; a proper adjective that is formed by a proper noun is called proper adjective.
Proper noun
|
Proper adjective
|
Italian
| |
African
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Chinese
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Australian
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(iv) emphasing adjective
Def; when “very” and “own” comes before noun which they modify is called emphasing adjective.
For example;
They were insulted because of their deeds.
My very enemies are my own friends.
I saw him killing with my own eyes.
I did it with my own hands.
Mind your own language.
(VI) Denominal adjective
Def; Denominal adjectives are adjectives derived from nouns.
For example;
1. A mathematical puzzle.
2. A biological experiment.
3. A wooden boat.
4. I married an American woman.
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